Decreasing rate. Kraft (1991) discussed extensively the criti. Cal-depth concept and concluded that it does not exist. Canadian foundation engineering manual (Canadian. Geotechnical Society 1992) used to recommend application of. The concept of critical depth when designing pile foundations. The third edition of the.

Rock masses are commonly used as the underlying layer of important structures such as bridges, dams and transportation constructions. The success of a foundation design for such structures mainly depends on the accuracy of estimating the bearing capacity of rock beneath them. Several traditional numerical approaches are proposed for the estimation of the bearing capacity of foundations resting on rock masses to avoid performing elaborate and expensive experimental studies. Despite this fact, there still exists a serious need to develop more robust predictive models.

This paper proposes new nonlinear prediction models for the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations resting on non-fractured rock masses using a novel evolutionary computational approach, called linear genetic programming. A comprehensive set of rock socket, centrifuge rock socket, plate load and large-scaled footing load test results is used to develop the models. In order to verify the validity of the models, the sensitivity analysis is conducted and discussed. The results indicate that the proposed models accurately characterize the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. The correlation coefficients between the experimental and predicted bearing capacity values are equal to 0.95 and 0.96 for the best LGP models. Moreover, the derived models reach a notably better prediction performance than the traditional equations.

Farm yard in summer In the 15th century and recorded that the and cultivated the soil for maize or 'Indian corn'. Maize ( Zea mays), potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum), ( phaseolus), ( Cucurbita) and the ( Helianthus annus) were grown throughout agricultural lands in North America by the 16th century.

As early as 2300 BC evidence of squash was introduced to the northeastern woodlands region. Archaeological findings from 500 AD have shown corn cultivation in southern. Was settled well before the. Immigration and trading posts came later to and the. The early immigrants combined European agricultural and domestication procedures with the indigenous knowledge of the land and animals of the area. As early as 1605, the French built in the for,,, and farming. Dairy production is the main contribution of,, and, along with livestock and ventures.

A small percentage of land is put into use in as well along Nova Scotia's northwest coastal areas. The, 1775–1783, and its attendant food decline resulted in 3100 hectares cleared in.

In the early 19th century began arriving who cultivated the land in Newfoundland. A very small percentage of the land is suitable in for horticultural or crop production because there is a lot of forested and geography.

The province has some dairy production and farming concerns. Following World War II, farm training was available at the Government Demonstration Farm.

Bonuses were paid for such things as the purchase of pure-bred, land clearing, and agriculture exhibition assistance to name a few. The industry of for food is the largest agricultural contribution from Newfoundland. Newfoundland fisheries, supply for the most part, followed closely by,,,,, and whales. The fishing industry depends very heavily upon exports and. Ontario farm Agriculture in the West started with gardening plots at in 1778. Although large-scale agriculture was still many years off, traders, miners, and cultivated crops, gardens and raised livestock.

The,, and are covered with the, and rocky outcrops, sub Arctic forest soils, and stony phases make up most of the geography. It is an area of comparatively smaller population and not commercially exploited for the most part.,, and food processing contribute to agricultural food production here. In, and livestock were introduced in 1663. The of farming was adopted in Quebec. Quebec's agricultural sector relies heavily on its fruit and vegetable production. In 1890, a competition began to encourage farmers to improve their farms to achieve the.

County farm improvement contests were begun about 1930 involving over 5,000 farms and their evolution over five years. They have some interests in livestock and mixed farming and dairy as well. From 1947, an has been operating in for breeders clubs.

The, protected the British agricultural sector from imports of wheat. The, 6 June 1854, developed a trade agreement between Canada and the United States which affected trade of wheat grown in Ontario. Module 7 Quantum Jumping Free here. Northern is mainly tundra and forested area, whereas southern Ontario has lands suitable for livestock and general farming as well as geography suitable for pasture and dairying industries.

Fruit farming and tobacco farms can also be found in southern Ontario. Ontario is the largest producer of mixed grains, and shelled corn in the country. Grain Elevators, founder of the, harvested the first wheat crop in the in 1814. Wheat was introduced in 1868. Were brought to the Red River colony as early as 1819. The frontier land of southwest and southeast were opened to in the 19th century.

Has a combination of mixed grain, livestock, and mixed farming industries in its southernmost areas. Around is also quite successful.

Northern Manitoba consists of extensive lakes and forested geographical areas. The offered agricultural pioneers an opportunity to a quarter of land (160 acres/65 hectares) in western Canada for a $10.00 filing fee and three years of improvements combined with residence on the land. Saskatchewan still has cattle ranching along its southwestern corner; grain farming and crops such as wheat,, flax,, and (especially ) dominate the. Mixed grain farming, dairy farms, mixed livestock and grazing lands dot the region of this prairie province. Is renowned still for its, and cattle ranching is a main industry. The agricultural industry is supplemented by livestock and mixed farming and wheat crops. Alberta is the second largest producer of wheat in Canada.

Grain and dairying also play a role in the livelihoods of Alberta farmers. The open parkland area extends across the three prairie provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Canada's production of wheat, oats, flaxseed, and barley come mainly from this area. Is the largest industry here, followed by dairy production, breweries, and the subsidiary industry of agricultural implements. Is covered in highlands; its eastern boundary is the. Agricultural production in British Columbia supplied the gold rush industry, mining and logging industries.

Agricultural producers relied on these local markets, following the economic boom and bust of each enterprise respectively. The British Columbia Fruit-Growers' Association was established in 1889 to foster an export market of this commodity. The preserves Canadian agricultural history. In 2015, there are approximately 20,000 farms in B.C. That are involved in agricultural activity, such as dairy, livestock, fruit and vegetable farming. Agricultural Museums [ ]. Wheat head close up view In 1925, Saskatchewan produced over half of the wheat in the Dominion of Canada, threshing in excess of 240,000,000 (6,500,000 ) of wheat.,,,,,, and are other popularly grown grain crops.

Wheat is a staple crop from Canada. To help homesteaders attain an abundance harvest in a foreshortened growing season, varieties of wheat were developed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Red Fife was the first strain; it was a wheat which could be seeded in the fall and sprout in the early spring. Red Fife ripened nearly two weeks sooner and was a harder wheat than other spring wheats. Saunders, experimented further with Red Fife, and developed Marquis Wheat, which was resistant to rust and came to maturity within 100 days. Some other types of wheat grown are,, and. In recent years, Canadian farmers have also begun to grow rice.

The (PFRA) was established in 1935 to provide Federal financial assistance in regard to the global economical crisis. The PFRA provides farmers with land and water resources such as irrigation, soil drifting conservation and small farm water development.

The program has established the Canadian Farm Loan Act to provide stock bonds and farm improvement loans. Horticulture [ ]. Vegetable Displays Horticulture which includes nursery and floral crops, and fruits became easier to grow with the development of plant. Apples, pears, and,,,,,, and fruit orchards are numerous and reach commercial size in the of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and of Ontario and of. Are harvested in Eastern Canada and British Columbia.

And maple sugar, maple butter, and maple taffy are products of Quebec along the. The main market for Canadian maple syrup and sugar is the United States. Potatoes are an abundant harvest of the. And beet root sugar are harvested in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta. Viticulture [ ] refers to the growing of grapes. Grapes require a mild winter season, which can be found in some Maritime locations, southern British Columbia, Essex county, Ontario and locations on the Niagara Peninsula. Livestock [ ].

Prize Bull 115,000 cattle roamed the southern prairies by 1900. Livestock can include the raising of cows, also commonly called cattle. Recently domestication of the and has initiated a new food industry. Sheep have been raised for both wool and meat. Bovine or pig barns have been a part of livestock culture. Scientists have been making forward steps in swine research giving rise to.

The of various farm animals meant that corresponding industries such as, and have also been studied, and developed. Canadian Livestock and Poultry, 10 May 2011 (from Statistics Canada ) Type Number Cattle and calves 12,789,965. Dairy cows 961,726 Pigs 12,679,104 Sheep and lambs 1,108,574. Goats 255,461 Horses and ponies 392,340 Broilers 94,422,709 Laying hens 22,086,759 Turkeys 8,021,500 Poultry and eggs [ ]. Main article: Other [ ] In recent years farmers have been producing alternative crops which are economically viable, and amongst these are crops.

And wool from sheep are the main areas of fibre production of Canada. Production was on average 16,022,000 pounds (7,267 t) in the 1930s and 9,835,000 pounds (4,461 t) in 1949. Fibre from flaxseed has been exported to the United Kingdom. Crop growers may supplement their income with and and learn. Enterprising land owners have had success growing as well as packaging and marketing the.

Crops are not only for human consumption but also for animal consumption, which opens a new market such as canary seed., or rabbit farming, is another livestock enterprise. Is an important crop in some areas, making up 5% of British Columbia's GDP. According to, the crop is worth $7.5 billion to the province annually, and gives employment to 250,000 people. Number of farms by Province/Territory [ ] Province/Territory Number of Farms (2001 data) Alberta 53,652 British Columbia 20,290 Manitoba 21,071 New Brunswick 3,034 Newfoundland and Labrador 643 Nova Scotia 3,923 Ontario 59,729 Prince Edward Island 1,845 Quebec 32,139 Saskatchewan 50,598 Northwest Territories 30 Nunavut -5 Yukon 170 Canadian agricultural government departments [ ] The Department of Agriculture set out in the (B.N.A.) of 1867 states each province may have jurisdiction over agricultural concerns, as well as the Dominion Government may also make law in regard to agriculture.

Newfoundland agricultural affairs were dealt with by the Agricultural Division of the Department of Natural Resources at Confederation. Act states that the federal Government has sole authority in coastal and inland fishery matters.

Provinces have rights over non-tidal waters and fishing practices there only. Canadian agricultural government departments Department Function Responsible for policies governing agriculture production, farming income, research and,, and the regulation of animals and plants.

Headed by the. Responsible for providing dairy producers a fair return for labour and investment and provide consumers with high quality.

CFIA consolidates the delivery of all federal food, animal and programs. Responsible for the industry. Headed by the Responsibility for the conservation and sustainable use of Canada's fisheries resources.

Responsible for promoting efficient and competitive agriculture in Canada and oversees the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency, Canadian Turkey Marketing Agency, Chicken Farmers of Canada and Canada Hatching Egg Producers. Agricultural economy [ ]. See also: and Canadian farms, and produce a wide variety of crops, livestock, food,,, and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals which are dependent upon the geography of the province. In 2001 farms numbered only 246,923 at a size of 676 acres (2.74 km 2) as the production of food and fibre for human or livestock sustenance has evolved into intensive and industrial practices. As of 2002, wheat constituted the largest crop area at 12.6%. Canadian farmers received a record $36.3 billion in 2001 from livestock, crop sales and program payments.

In 2001, the accrued net income of farm operators from farm production amounted to 1,633 million dollars, which amounts to 0.147% of Canada's gross domestic product at market prices which is 1,108,200 million dollars. Are also playing an important role while plays a secondary role. Canada's evolution has abandoned and now sees a mere 3% of Canada's population employed as a mechanized industrial farmer who are able feed the rest of the nation's population of 30,689.0 thousand people (2001) as well as export to foreign markets. (Canada's estimated population was 32,777,300 on 1 January 2007). Trade [ ] The marketing and economic movement of Canada's various agriculture commodities has been a challenge. Domestic trade encompasses providing goods within Canada provincially and inter-provincial. Support agencies and services such as storage, railways, warehouses, stores, banking institutions all affect domestic trade.

Trade of wheat from the Canada's prairies are monitored by the. Canada's depression of 1882–1897 brought a low of 64¼ cents per bushel ($24/t) as of 1893. This era during Laurier's administration saw thousands of homesteads cancelled. Wheat prices soared during World War I. In 1928, Canada exported high quantities of wheat, flour, and goods. The took its toll on Canada as sunk to approximately 40% of their 1928 amount.

European markets stopped needing to import Canadian wheat as they started growing their own varieties, and then World War II events put a blockade on trade to European markets. Canada became more of an industrial entity during the time of this industrial revolution, and less of an agricultural nation. Following World War II the United Kingdom entered into contract for a large amount of agricultural commodities such as bacon, cheese, wheat, oats and barley. After the United Kingdom, the United States is Canada's largest external trade partner.

Between 1943 and 1953, the average export of Canadian wheat was 347,200,000 bushels (9,449,000 t). The three year International Wheat Agreement of 1955, which really lasted 6 years, included exports of wheat or flour to 28 of 44 importing countries including Germany, Japan,, UK, and the.

Agribusiness [ ] are activities of food and fibre production and processing which are not part of the farm operation. This would include the production of farm equipment and fertilizers to aid farm production. Agribusiness also includes the firms that purchase the raw goods from the farm for further processing. The meat packing industry, flour mill, and canning industry would be included in the agribusiness sector processing farm products.

A recent growth area in agribusiness is the advent of organized farmland investment funds operating on the model of direct land ownership with rental back to farmers as operators. Industry categories [ ] According to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, these are the classifications of Canadian Agriculture Industries. Canadian Agriculture Industries Industry Mainstay Brewery industry Comprises two large national beer producing companies: and industry Buckwheat flour is used for pancake mixes and pasta. Buckwheat is exported mainly to Japan. Cara Download Video Di Hp Samsung Champ. Majority of this specialty crop grown in industry In 2005, Canada produced 77% of the world canary seed production. Saskatchewan soils were conducive to bird seed production.

Confectionery and industry Sugar and cocoa are imported for this industry which has foreign owned firms operating in Canada. Various candies amounting to $1.48 billion were shipped in 1997. In the Canadian agri-food economy the dairy industry is the third largest. Dairy genetics industry The Canadian Record of Performance R.O.P.

Program discovers dairy cattle of high producing milk capacities. Cattle qualities are monitored by the Canadian Dairy Herd Improvement milk producing agency.(Canadian DHI). Industry Canadian whisky made from rye and corn is the main aspect of this Canadian industry.

The distillery industry also includes production of whisky, rum, vodka, gin, liqueurs, spirit coolers and basic ethyl alcohol. Industry Evolved into an automated industry producing table eggs, enzymes,, processed foods, and supporting pullet producers, egg laying chicken (layers) producers and graders. Fish and seafood industry This industry produces CDN $5 billion a year. The world's fourth-largest exporter of fish is Canada, from the Atlantic fishery, Pacific fishery and aquaculture sector. Industry This industry comprises feed for livestock, cattle, sheep and horses. Hay is the main forage crop, supplemented by alfalfa, cereals, peas and corn. Besides domestic markets, exports from Canada arrive at Pacific Rim Countries.

Fruit industry Tree fruit grower crops consist of apples, pears, peaches, plums, apricots, nectarines, and sweet cherry, followed by wine grape areas. The industry supports fresh, canned, frozen and preserved fruits as well as food production. Grains and oilseeds industry Wheat, barley and oats are Canada's grain exports. Canola, soybean and flaxseed are the main oilseed exports. Grain-based products industry Grain and oilseed production supports flour milling, malt manufacturing, starch, vegetable fat and oil manufacturing as well as breakfast cereal manufacturing industry Spin off industries from Hemp production include aromatherapy, commercial oil paints, cosmetics, edible oil, garments and accessories, hemp meal and flour,, shampoo and conditioners, and moisturizers. Industry Beeswax produces cosmetics, ointments, candles and household waxes.

A diet supplement is made from bee pollen. Propolis and royal jelly is used in cosmetics, creams, lotions, tonics and lip balms. Honey is a sweetener for domestic use or commercial food production.,,, and are various forms of industrial agriculture which aims at Includes in agricultural machinery and farming methods,, techniques for achieving in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and industry Maple syrup can be used to make maple sugar, maple butter, maple taffy as well as a sweetener.

Industry Yellow mustard is the highest export, closely followed by brown and oriental mustards. 2007 saw an increase in mustard seed prices. Industry Operational certification and standards are challenges for the growing organic farming industry. Organic farming with biodynamics and without synthetic chemicals provides the consumer a holistic plant and animal food choice. Potato industry Potato Innovation Network (PIN) 2020 was initiated in 2006 to support development of new markets, and new uses for potatoes in market diversification.

Poultry industry Avian Influenza ('Bird Flu') is the latest concern in the poultry industry however disease precautions are in place if this strain arrives in Canada. Processed fruit and vegetable industry Processing of fruits and vegetables includes consumer products of canned, cider, frozen, jams, jellies and marmalades, pickles, sauces, soups, vegetable and fruit juices and vinegar. Industry Beans, chickpeas, faba beans, and lentils comprise the pulse industry. Peas soup, and baked beans are large production processes from pulse growth.

The world's largest pulse exporter is Canada. Industry This is Canada's fourth major manufacturing industry. Cattle, calves, hogs, sheep, lambs, venison, bison are all domesticated for red meat export and domestic consumption. Industry Seed growers, field inspectors, registered seed establishments, seed trial plots, and seed retailers are the mainstays of seed production. Snack food industry Cereal grains, cornmeal, nuts, oils, potatoes, and seeds are the major ingredients of snack foods such as potato chips, mixed nuts, peanut butter, pork rinds, and seed snacks. Industry About 80 per cent sunflowers grown in Canada are sold as roasted snack sunflower seeds or without the shell for baking.

The main consumer is domestic. Birdfeed and sunflower vegetable oils are smaller markets which are being developed. Vegetable industry The edible portion of a plant is a vegetable. Vegetables can be marketed fresh or as part of the processed fruit and vegetable industry. The greenhouse vegetable industry supports the field vegetable farmer. Wine industry Canadian vintners producing wines with unique aromas, aging characteristics and flavours bring in international awards. The grape hybrid from the native Canadian species bred with wine producing grapes results in a grape for a shorter, cooler growing season, and a quality not found elsewhere.

Agricultural Science [ ] began developing new styles of farming and strains of wheat and crops so that farming could become a successful venture. Farming methods were developed at places such as, Rosthern Experimental Station, and Bell Farm. From 1914 to 1922, the travelled around rural of areas educating pioneer farmers. The 1901 census showed 511,100 farms and the number of farms peaked in 1941 at a record 732,800 farms. The modernised the farming industry as mechanized vehicles replaced the oxen ploughed land or the horse-drawn cart.

Farms became much larger, and mechanized evolving towards. Production [ ]. See also: Farming activities were very labour-intensive before the industrial revolution and the advent of,,, etc. From the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, a great percentage of the Canadian labour force was engaged in high labour, smaller farming practices. After mechanization, scientific advancement, improved marketing practices farms became more efficient, larger and less labour-intensive. The labour population was freed up and went to industry, government, transportation, trade and finance.

Agriculture, stock raising and horticulture employed one-fourth of the Canadian population according to the 1951 census as well as providing products for exports and Canadian manufacturing concerns. Farm equipment [ ]. • Pleva, E.G.; Inch, Spencer, eds. Canadian Oxford School Atlas. The Bryant Press Limited..

• Hardy, W.G., ed. From Sea unto Sea. Doubleday & Company, Inc. • Hutchison, Bruce, ed.

The Unknown Country. Longmans, Green & Co., Toronto. • Daly, Ronald C., ed. The Macmillan School Atlas. Gage Educational Publishing Company A Division of Canada Publishing Corporation.. • Cloutier, Edmond, ed. The Canada Year Book 1951 The Official Statistical Annual of the Resources, History, Institutions, and Social and Economic Conditions of Canada.

King's Printer and Controller of Stationery.. • Cloutier, Edmond, ed. Canada 1956 The Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa. • Kerr, D.G.G., ed.

A Historical Atlas of Canada. Thomas Nelson and Sons (Canada) Ltd. • Dorland, Arthur G., ed. The Copp Clark Publishing Co, Limited. External links [ ].