This article is about a wireless technology standard. For the medieval king of Denmark, see.

Bluetooth Developed by Industry Compatible hardware Audio Devices Physical range Typically less than 10 m (33 ft), up to 100 m (330 ft) Bluetooth 5.0: 40–400 m (100–1,000 ft) Bluetooth is a technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength in the from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz ) from fixed and mobile devices, and building (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor in 1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to data cables.

Bluetooth is managed by the (SIG), which has more than 30,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. The standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. A manufacturer must meet to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network of apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices. Main article: To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles, which are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviors that Bluetooth-enabled devices use to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. These profiles include settings to parameterize and to control the communication from the start.

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Adherence to profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe many different types of applications or use cases for devices. List of applications [ ]. A typical Bluetooth mobile phone • Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a. This was one of the earliest applications to become popular.

• Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible car stereo system. • Wireless control of and communication with iOS and Android device phones, tablets and portable.

• Wireless and. Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes called 'a Bluetooth'. • Wireless streaming of audio to with or without communication capabilities. • Wireless streaming of data collected by Bluetooth-enabled fitness devices to phone or PC. • Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required. • Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most common being the, and. • Transfer of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices with.

• Replacement of previous wired serial communications in test equipment,, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices. • For controls where was often used. • For low bandwidth applications where higher bandwidth is not required and cable-free connection desired.

• Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to other, discoverable, Bluetooth devices. • Wireless bridge between two Industrial Ethernet (e.g., ) networks.

• and such as 's, and 's use Bluetooth for their respective wireless controllers. • Dial-up internet access on personal computers or PDAs using a data-capable mobile phone as a wireless modem. • Short-range transmission of health sensor data from medical devices to mobile phone, or dedicated devices.

• Allowing a phone to ring and answer calls on behalf of a nearby mobile phone. • Real-time location systems (RTLS) are used to track and identify the location of objects in real time using 'Nodes' or 'tags' attached to, or embedded in, the objects tracked, and 'Readers' that receive and process the wireless signals from these tags to determine their locations. • Personal security application on mobile phones for prevention of theft or loss of items. The protected item has a Bluetooth marker (e.g., a tag) that is in constant communication with the phone. If the connection is broken (the marker is out of range of the phone) then an alarm is raised. This can also be used as a alarm. A product using this technology has been available since 2009.

• 's Roads Traffic division uses data collected from travelers' Bluetooth devices to predict travel times and road congestion for motorists. • Wireless transmission of audio (a more reliable alternative to ) • Live video streaming to the visual cortical implant device by Nabeel Fattah in Newcastle university 2017. Bluetooth vs.

Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) [ ] Bluetooth and (the brand name for products using standards) have some similar applications: setting up networks, printing, or transferring files. Wi-Fi is intended as a replacement for high-speed cabling for general access in work areas or home. This category of applications is sometimes called (WLAN). Bluetooth was intended for portable equipment and its applications. Closed Caption Final Cut Pro 7 here. The category of applications is outlined as the wireless (WPAN). Bluetooth is a replacement for cabling in a variety of personally carried applications in any setting, and also works for fixed location applications such as smart energy functionality in the home (thermostats, etc.). Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are to some extent complementary in their applications and usage.

Wi-Fi is usually access point-centered, with an asymmetrical client-server connection with all traffic routed through the access point, while Bluetooth is usually symmetrical, between two Bluetooth devices. Bluetooth serves well in simple applications where two devices need to connect with minimal configuration like a button press, as in headsets and remote controls, while Wi-Fi suits better in applications where some degree of client configuration is possible and high speeds are required, especially for network access through an access node. However, Bluetooth access points do exist, and ad-hoc connections are possible with Wi-Fi though not as simply as with Bluetooth. Was recently developed to add a more Bluetooth-like ad-hoc functionality to Wi-Fi.

[ ] Devices [ ]. A Bluetooth dongle with a 100 m range. Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones,, tablets, media players, robotics systems, handheld, laptops, console gaming equipment as well as some high definition,, and watches. The technology is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e., with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files). Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices.

Bluetooth devices can advertise all of the services they provide. This makes using services easier, because more of the security, and permission configuration can be automated than with many other network types. Computer requirements [ ]. An internal notebook Bluetooth card (14×36×4 mm). A personal computer that does not have embedded Bluetooth can use a Bluetooth adapter that enables the PC to communicate with Bluetooth devices. While some and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth radio, others require an external adapter, typically in the form of a small USB '.' Unlike its predecessor,, which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth lets multiple devices communicate with a computer over a single adapter.

Operating system implementation [ ]. For more details on this topic, see. For platforms, and SP3 releases work natively with Bluetooth v1.1, v2.0 and v2.0+EDR.

Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth adapter's own drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft. Microsoft's own Bluetooth dongles (packaged with their Bluetooth computer devices) have no external drivers and thus require at least Windows XP Service Pack 2. Windows Vista RTM/SP1 with the Feature Pack for Wireless or Windows Vista SP2 work with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR.

Windows 7 works with Bluetooth v2.1+EDR and Extended Inquiry Response (EIR). The Windows XP and Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stacks support the following Bluetooth profiles natively: PAN, SPP,, HID, HCRP.

The Windows XP stack can be replaced by a third party stack that supports more profiles or newer Bluetooth versions. The Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stack supports vendor-supplied additional profiles without requiring that the Microsoft stack be replaced. Products have worked with Bluetooth since, which was released in 2002. Has two popular, and Affix. The BlueZ stack is included with most Linux kernels and was originally developed.

The Affix stack was developed. Features Bluetooth since its v5.0 release.

Features Bluetooth since its v4.0 release. Its Bluetooth stack was ported to as well, however OpenBSD later removed it for security reasons. Specifications and features [ ] The specifications were formalized by the (SIG). The SIG was formally announced on 20 May 1998.

Today it has a membership of over 30,000 companies worldwide. It was established by,,, and, and later joined by many other companies. All versions of the Bluetooth standards support. That lets the latest standard cover all older versions.

The Bluetooth Core Specification Working Group (CSWG) produces mainly 4 kinds of specifications: • The Bluetooth Core Specification, release cycle is typically a few years in between • Core Specification Addendum (CSA), release cycle can be as tight as a few times per year • Core Specification Supplements (CSS), can be released very quickly • Errata (Available with a user account: ) Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B [ ] Versions 1.0 and 1.0B [ ] had many problems, and manufacturers had difficulty making their products interoperable. Versions 1.0 and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth hardware device address (BD_ADDR) transmission in the Connecting process (rendering anonymity impossible at the protocol level), which was a major setback for certain services planned for use in Bluetooth environments. Bluetooth 1.1 [ ] • Ratified as • Many errors found in the v1.0B specifications were fixed. • Added possibility of non-encrypted channels. • Received Signal Strength Indicator ().

Bluetooth 1.2 [ ] Major enhancements include: • Faster Connection and Discovery • Adaptive (AFH), which improves resistance to by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence. • Higher transmission speeds in practice than in v1.1, up to 721 kbit/s. • Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to provide better concurrent data transfer. • (HCI) operation with three-wire. • Ratified as • Introduced Flow Control and Retransmission Modes for L2CAP.

Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR [ ] This version of the Bluetooth Core Specification was released in 2004. The main difference is the introduction of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for. The bit rate of EDR is 3 Mbit/s, although the maximum data transfer rate (allowing for inter-packet time and acknowledgements) is 2.1 Mbit/s. EDR uses a combination of and modulation (PSK) with two variants, π/4- and 8.

EDR can provide a lower power consumption through a reduced. The specification is published as Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR, which implies that EDR is an optional feature. Aside from EDR, the v2.0 specification contains other minor improvements, and products may claim compliance to 'Bluetooth v2.0' without supporting the higher data rate. At least one commercial device states 'Bluetooth v2.0 without EDR' on its data sheet. Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR [ ] Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 + EDR was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 26 July 2007. The headline feature of v2.1 is secure simple pairing (SSP): this improves the pairing experience for Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security. See the section on below for more details.

Version 2.1 allows various other improvements, including 'Extended inquiry response' (EIR), which provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection; and sniff subrating, which reduces the power consumption in low-power mode. Bluetooth 3.0 + HS [ ] Version 3.0 + HS of the Bluetooth Core Specification was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on 21 April 2009. Bluetooth v3.0 + HS provides theoretical data transfer speeds of up to 24 Mbit/s, though not over the Bluetooth link itself. Instead, the Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and establishment, and the high data rate traffic is carried over a colocated link.

The main new feature is AMP (Alternative MAC/PHY), the addition of as a high-speed transport. The high-speed part of the specification is not mandatory, and hence only devices that display the '+HS' logo actually support Bluetooth over 802.11 high-speed data transfer. A Bluetooth v3.0 device without the '+HS' suffix is only required to support features introduced in Core Specification Version 3.0 or earlier Core Specification Addendum 1. Enhanced modes Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM) implements reliable L2CAP channel, while Streaming Mode (SM) implements unreliable channel with no retransmission or flow control. Introduced in Core Specification Addendum 1. Alternative MAC/PHY Enables the use of alternative and for transporting Bluetooth profile data.

The Bluetooth radio is still used for device discovery, initial connection and profile configuration. However, when large quantities of data must be sent, the high-speed alternative MAC PHY 802.11 (typically associated with Wi-Fi) transports the data. This means that Bluetooth uses proven low power connection models when the system is idle, and the faster radio when it must send large quantities of data. AMP links require enhanced L2CAP modes. Unicast Connectionless Data Permits sending service data without establishing an explicit L2CAP channel. It is intended for use by applications that require low latency between user action and reconnection/transmission of data.

This is only appropriate for small amounts of data. Enhanced Power Control Updates the power control feature to remove the open loop power control, and also to clarify ambiguities in power control introduced by the new modulation schemes added for EDR. Enhanced power control removes the ambiguities by specifying the behaviour that is expected. The feature also adds closed loop power control, meaning RSSI filtering can start as the response is received. Additionally, a 'go straight to maximum power' request has been introduced.

This is expected to deal with the headset link loss issue typically observed when a user puts their phone into a pocket on the opposite side to the headset. Ultra-wideband [ ] The high-speed (AMP) feature of Bluetooth v3.0 was originally intended for, but the WiMedia Alliance, the body responsible for the flavor of UWB intended for Bluetooth, announced in March 2009 that it was disbanding, and ultimately UWB was omitted from the Core v3.0 specification. On 16 March 2009, the announced it was entering into technology transfer agreements for the WiMedia (UWB) specifications. WiMedia has transferred all current and future specifications, including work on future high-speed and power-optimized implementations, to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), Promoter Group and the.

After successful completion of the technology transfer, marketing, and related administrative items, the WiMedia Alliance ceased operations. In October 2009 the suspended development of UWB as part of the alternative MAC/PHY, Bluetooth v3.0 + HS solution.

A small, but significant, number of former members had not and would not sign up to the necessary agreements for the transfer. The Bluetooth SIG is now in the process of evaluating other options for its longer term roadmap. Bluetooth 4.0 + LE [ ].

Main article: The Bluetooth SIG completed the Bluetooth Core Specification version 4.0 (called Bluetooth Smart) and has been adopted as of 30 June 2010. It includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth high speed and protocols. Bluetooth high speed is based on Wi-Fi, and Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth protocols., previously known as Wibree, is a subset of Bluetooth v4.0 with an entirely new protocol stack for rapid build-up of simple links. As an alternative to the Bluetooth standard protocols that were introduced in Bluetooth v1.0 to v3.0, it is aimed at very low power applications running off a. Chip designs allow for two types of implementation, dual-mode, single-mode and enhanced past versions.

The provisional names Wibree and Bluetooth ULP (Ultra Low Power) were abandoned and the BLE name was used for a while. In late 2011, new logos 'Bluetooth Smart Ready' for hosts and 'Bluetooth Smart' for sensors were introduced as the general-public face of BLE. Compared to Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy is intended to provide considerably reduced power consumption and cost while maintaining a.

In terms of lengthening the battery life of Bluetooth devices, BLE represents a significant progression. • In a single-mode implementation, only the low energy protocol stack is implemented. STMicroelectronics, AMICCOM,, and have released single mode Bluetooth low energy solutions. • In a dual-mode implementation, Bluetooth Smart functionality is integrated into an existing Classic Bluetooth controller.

As of March 2011, the following semiconductor companies have announced the availability of chips meeting the standard:,, and. The compliant architecture shares all of Classic Bluetooth’s existing radio and functionality resulting in a negligible cost increase compared to Classic Bluetooth. Cost-reduced single-mode chips, which enable highly integrated and compact devices, feature a lightweight Link Layer providing ultra-low power idle mode operation, simple device discovery, and reliable point-to-multipoint data transfer with advanced power-save and secure encrypted connections at the lowest possible cost. General improvements in version 4.0 include the changes necessary to facilitate BLE modes, as well the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and Security Manager (SM) services with Encryption. Core Specification Addendum 2 was unveiled in December 2011; it contains improvements to the audio Host Controller Interface and to the High Speed (802.11) Protocol Adaptation Layer. Core Specification Addendum 3 revision 2 has an adoption date of 24 July 2012.

Core Specification Addendum 4 has an adoption date of 12 February 2013. Bluetooth 4.1 [ ] The Bluetooth SIG announced formal adoption of the Bluetooth v4.1 specification on 4 December 2013. This specification is an incremental software update to Bluetooth Specification v4.0, and not a hardware update. The update incorporates Bluetooth Core Specification Addenda (CSA 1, 2, 3 & 4) and adds new features that improve consumer usability.

These include increased co-existence support for LTE, bulk data exchange rates—and aid developer innovation by allowing devices to support multiple roles simultaneously. New features of this specification include: • Mobile Wireless Service Coexistence Signaling • Train Nudging and Generalized Interlaced Scanning • Low Duty Cycle Directed Advertising • L2CAP Connection Oriented and Dedicated Channels with Credit Based Flow Control • Dual Mode and Topology • LE Link Layer Topology • 802.11n PAL • Audio Architecture Updates for Wide Band Speech • Fast Data Advertising Interval • Limited Discovery Time Notice that some features were already available in a Core Specification Addendum (CSA) before the release of v4.1. Bluetooth 4.2 [ ] Released on December 2, 2014, it introduces features for the. The major areas of improvement are: • with • Privacy with Extended Scanner Filter Policies • Support Profile (IPSP) ready for to support connected home Older Bluetooth hardware may receive 4.2 features such as Data Packet Length Extension and improved privacy via firmware updates.

Bluetooth 5 [ ] The Bluetooth SIG officially unveiled Bluetooth 5 during a media event in London on 16 June 2016. Its new features are mainly focused on emerging technology.

The Samsung launched with Bluetooth 5 support in April 2017. In September 2017, the, 8 Plus and launched with Bluetooth 5 support as well.

Marketing drops the point number; so that it is just 'Bluetooth 5' (not 5.0 or LE like Bluetooth 4.0). The change is for the sake of 'Simplifying our marketing, communicating user benefits more effectively and making it easier to signal significant technology updates to the market.' Bluetooth 5 provides, for BLE, options that can double the speed (2 Mbit/s burst) at the expense of range, or up to a fourfold the range at the expense of data rate, and eightfold the data broadcasting capacity of transmissions, by increasing the packet lengths.

The increase in transmissions could be important for devices, where many nodes connect throughout a whole house. Bluetooth 5 adds functionality for connectionless services such as location-relevant navigation of low-energy Bluetooth connections. The major areas of improvement are: • Slot Availability Mask (SAM) • 2 Mbit/s PHY for LE • LE Long Range • High Duty Cycle Non-Connectable Advertising • LE Advertising Extensions • LE Channel Selection Algorithm #2 Features Added in CSA5 - Integrated in v5.0: • Higher Output Power The following features were removed in this version of the specification: • Park State Technical information [ ] Bluetooth protocol stack [ ].

Bluetooth Protocol Stack Bluetooth is defined as a layer protocol architecture consisting of core protocols, cable replacement protocols, telephony control protocols, and adopted protocols. Mandatory protocols for all Bluetooth stacks are LMP, L2CAP and SDP. In addition, devices that communicate with Bluetooth almost universally can use these protocols: and RFCOMM. [ ] LMP [ ] The Link Management Protocol (LMP) is used for set-up and control of the radio link between two devices (e.g., creating, modifying, and releasing logical transports and logical links, querying device abilities, 'parking' devices, and power control.) LMP is carried over the ACL-C logical link of the default ACL logical transport, or over PSB.

Implemented on the controller. L2CAP [ ] The Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) is used to multiplex multiple logical connections between two devices using different higher level protocols. Provides segmentation and reassembly of on-air packets. In Basic mode, L2CAP provides packets with a payload configurable up to 64 kB, with 672 bytes as the default, and 48 bytes as the minimum mandatory supported MTU.

In Retransmission and Flow Control modes, L2CAP can be configured either for isochronous data or reliable data per channel by performing retransmissions and CRC checks. Bluetooth Core Specification Addendum 1 adds two additional L2CAP modes to the core specification. These modes effectively deprecate original Retransmission and Flow Control modes: • Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM): This mode is an improved version of the original retransmission mode. This mode provides a reliable L2CAP channel. • Streaming Mode (SM): This is a very simple mode, with no retransmission or flow control. This mode provides an unreliable L2CAP channel. Reliability in any of these modes is optionally and/or additionally guaranteed by the lower layer Bluetooth BDR/EDR air interface by configuring the number of retransmissions and flush timeout (time after which the radio flushes packets).

In-order sequencing is guaranteed by the lower layer. Only L2CAP channels configured in ERTM or SM may be operated over AMP logical links. SDP [ ] The Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) allows a device to discover services offered by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when you use a mobile phone with a Bluetooth headset, the phone uses SDP to determine which the headset can use (Headset Profile, Hands Free Profile, etc.) and the protocol multiplexer settings needed for the phone to connect to the headset using each of them. Each service is identified by a (UUID), with official services (Bluetooth profiles) assigned a short form UUID (16 bits rather than the full 128). RFCOMM [ ] Radio Frequency Communications (RFCOMM) is a cable replacement protocol used for generating a virtual serial data stream.

RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates (formerly RS-232) control signals over the Bluetooth baseband layer, i.e. It is a serial port emulation. RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to the user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrier for AT commands, as well as being a transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth. Many Bluetooth applications use RFCOMM because of its widespread support and publicly available API on most operating systems. Additionally, applications that used a serial port to communicate can be quickly ported to use RFCOMM.

BNEP [ ] The Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol (BNEP) is used for transferring another protocol stack's data via an L2CAP channel. Its main purpose is the transmission of IP packets in the Personal Area Networking Profile. BNEP performs a similar function to in Wireless LAN. AVCTP [ ] The Audio/Video Control Transport Protocol (AVCTP) is used by the remote control profile to transfer AV/C commands over an L2CAP channel.

The music control buttons on a stereo headset use this protocol to control the music player. AVDTP [ ] The Audio/Video Distribution Transport Protocol (AVDTP) is used by the advanced audio distribution profile to stream music to stereo headsets over an L2CAP channel intended for video distribution profile in the Bluetooth transmission.

TCS [ ] The Telephony Control Protocol – Binary (TCS BIN) is the bit-oriented protocol that defines the call control signaling for the establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth devices. Additionally, 'TCS BIN defines mobility management procedures for handling groups of Bluetooth TCS devices.' TCS-BIN is only used by the cordless telephony profile, which failed to attract implementers. As such it is only of historical interest. Adopted protocols [ ] Adopted protocols are defined by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into Bluetooth’s protocol stack, allowing Bluetooth to code protocols only when necessary. The adopted protocols include: (PPP) Internet standard protocol for transporting over a point-to-point link.

/UDP Foundation Protocols for TCP/IP protocol suite (OBEX) Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects, providing a model for object and operation representation (WAE/WAP) WAE specifies an application framework for wireless devices and WAP is an open standard to provide mobile users access to telephony and information services. Baseband error correction [ ] Depending on packet type, individual packets may be protected by, either 1/3 rate (FEC) or 2/3 rate. In addition, packets with CRC will be retransmitted until acknowledged by (ARQ). Setting up connections [ ] Any Bluetooth device in discoverable mode transmits the following information on demand: • Device name • Device class • List of services • Technical information (for example: device features, manufacturer, Bluetooth specification used, clock offset) Any device may perform an inquiry to find other devices to connect to, and any device can be configured to respond to such inquiries. However, if the device trying to connect knows the address of the device, it always responds to direct connection requests and transmits the information shown in the list above if requested.

Use of a device's services may require pairing or acceptance by its owner, but the connection itself can be initiated by any device and held until it goes out of range. Some devices can be connected to only one device at a time, and connecting to them prevents them from connecting to other devices and appearing in inquiries until they disconnect from the other device. Every device has a. However, these addresses are generally not shown in inquiries. Instead, friendly Bluetooth names are used, which can be set by the user. This name appears when another user scans for devices and in lists of paired devices. Most cellular phones have the Bluetooth name set to the manufacturer and model of the phone by default.

Most cellular phones and laptops show only the Bluetooth names and special programs are required to get additional information about remote devices. This can be confusing as, for example, there could be several cellular phones in range named (see ). Pairing and bonding [ ] Motivation [ ] Many services offered over Bluetooth can expose private data or let a connecting party control the Bluetooth device. Security reasons make it necessary to recognize specific devices, and thus enable control over which devices can connect to a given Bluetooth device.

At the same time, it is useful for Bluetooth devices to be able to establish a connection without user intervention (for example, as soon as in range). To resolve this conflict, Bluetooth uses a process called bonding, and a bond is generated through a process called pairing. The pairing process is triggered either by a specific request from a user to generate a bond (for example, the user explicitly requests to 'Add a Bluetooth device'), or it is triggered automatically when connecting to a service where (for the first time) the identity of a device is required for security purposes. These two cases are referred to as dedicated bonding and general bonding respectively.

Pairing often involves some level of user interaction. This user interaction confirms the identity of the devices. When pairing successfully completes, a bond forms between the two devices, enabling those two devices to connect to each other in the future without repeating the pairing process to confirm device identities. When desired, the user can remove the bonding relationship. Implementation [ ] During pairing, the two devices establish a relationship by creating a known as a link key.

If both devices store the same link key, they are said to be paired or bonded. A device that wants to communicate only with a bonded device can the identity of the other device, ensuring it is the same device it previously paired with. Once a link key is generated, an authenticated (ACL) link between the devices may be to protect exchanged data against. Users can delete link keys from either device, which removes the bond between the devices—so it is possible for one device to have a stored link key for a device it is no longer paired with.

Bluetooth services generally require either encryption or authentication and as such require pairing before they let a remote device connect. Some services, such as the Object Push Profile, elect not to explicitly require authentication or encryption so that pairing does not interfere with the user experience associated with the service use-cases. Pairing mechanisms [ ] Pairing mechanisms changed significantly with the introduction of Secure Simple Pairing in Bluetooth v2.1. The following summarizes the pairing mechanisms: • Legacy pairing: This is the only method available in Bluetooth v2.0 and before.

Each device must enter a; pairing is only successful if both devices enter the same PIN code. Any 16-byte UTF-8 string may be used as a PIN code; however, not all devices may be capable of entering all possible PIN codes. • Limited input devices: The obvious example of this class of device is a Bluetooth Hands-free headset, which generally have few inputs.

These devices usually have a fixed PIN, for example '0000' or '1234', that are hard-coded into the device. • Numeric input devices: Mobile phones are classic examples of these devices.

They allow a user to enter a numeric value up to 16 digits in length. • Alpha-numeric input devices: PCs and smartphones are examples of these devices. They allow a user to enter full UTF-8 text as a PIN code. If pairing with a less capable device the user must be aware of the input limitations on the other device; there is no mechanism available for a capable device to determine how it should limit the available input a user may use. • Secure Simple Pairing (SSP): This is required by Bluetooth v2.1, although a Bluetooth v2.1 device may only use legacy pairing to interoperate with a v2.0 or earlier device.

Secure Simple Pairing uses a form of, and some types can help protect against, or MITM attacks. SSP has the following authentication mechanisms: • Just works: As the name implies, this method just works, with no user interaction. However, a device may prompt the user to confirm the pairing process. This method is typically used by headsets with very limited IO capabilities, and is more secure than the fixed PIN mechanism this limited set of devices uses for legacy pairing. This method provides no man-in-the-middle (MITM) protection.

• Numeric comparison: If both devices have a display, and at least one can accept a binary yes/no user input, they may use Numeric Comparison. This method displays a 6-digit numeric code on each device. The user should compare the numbers to ensure they are identical.

If the comparison succeeds, the user(s) should confirm pairing on the device(s) that can accept an input. This method provides MITM protection, assuming the user confirms on both devices and actually performs the comparison properly. • Passkey Entry: This method may be used between a device with a display and a device with numeric keypad entry (such as a keyboard), or two devices with numeric keypad entry. In the first case, the display presents a 6-digit numeric code to the user, who then enters the code on the keypad. In the second case, the user of each device enters the same 6-digit number. Both of these cases provide MITM protection.

• Out of band (OOB): This method uses an external means of communication, such as (NFC) to exchange some information used in the pairing process. Pairing is completed using the Bluetooth radio, but requires information from the OOB mechanism. This provides only the level of MITM protection that is present in the OOB mechanism. SSP is considered simple for the following reasons: • In most cases, it does not require a user to generate a passkey.

• For use cases not requiring MITM protection, user interaction can be eliminated. • For numeric comparison, MITM protection can be achieved with a simple equality comparison by the user. • Using OOB with NFC enables pairing when devices simply get close, rather than requiring a lengthy discovery process.

Security concerns [ ] Prior to Bluetooth v2.1, encryption is not required and can be turned off at any time. Moreover, the encryption key is only good for approximately 23.5 hours; using a single encryption key longer than this time allows simple to retrieve the encryption key. • Turning off encryption is required for several normal operations, so it is problematic to detect if encryption is disabled for a valid reason or for a security attack. Bluetooth v2.1 addresses this in the following ways: • Encryption is required for all non-SDP (Service Discovery Protocol) connections • A new Encryption Pause and Resume feature is used for all normal operations that require that encryption be disabled. This enables easy identification of normal operation from security attacks. • The encryption key must be refreshed before it expires.

Link keys may be stored on the device file system, not on the Bluetooth chip itself. Many Bluetooth chip manufacturers let link keys be stored on the device—however, if the device is removable, this means that the link key moves with the device. Security [ ] Overview [ ]. See also: Bluetooth implements, and derivation with custom algorithms based on the. Bluetooth key generation is generally based on a Bluetooth PIN, which must be entered into both devices. This procedure might be modified if one of the devices has a fixed PIN (e.g., for headsets or similar devices with a restricted user interface). During pairing, an initialization key or master key is generated, using the E22 algorithm.

The stream cipher is used for encrypting packets, granting confidentiality, and is based on a shared cryptographic secret, namely a previously generated link key or master key. Those keys, used for subsequent encryption of data sent via the air interface, rely on the Bluetooth PIN, which has been entered into one or both devices. An overview of Bluetooth vulnerabilities exploits was published in 2007 by Andreas Becker. In September 2008, the (NIST) published a Guide to Bluetooth Security as a reference for organizations.

It describes Bluetooth security capabilities and how to secure Bluetooth technologies effectively. While Bluetooth has its benefits, it is susceptible to denial-of-service attacks, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, message modification, and resource misappropriation. Users and organizations must evaluate their acceptable level of risk and incorporate security into the lifecycle of Bluetooth devices. To help mitigate risks, included in the NIST document are security checklists with guidelines and recommendations for creating and maintaining secure Bluetooth piconets, headsets, and smart card readers.

Bluetooth v2.1 – finalized in 2007 with consumer devices first appearing in 2009 – makes significant changes to Bluetooth's security, including pairing. See the section for more about these changes. Bluejacking [ ]. Main article: Bluejacking is the sending of either a picture or a message from one user to an unsuspecting user through Bluetooth wireless technology. Common applications include short messages, e.g., 'You've just been bluejacked!'

Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device. [ ] Bluejacking can also involve taking control of a mobile device wirelessly and phoning a premium rate line, owned by the bluejacker. Security advances have alleviated this issue. History of security concerns [ ] 2001–2004 [ ] In 2001, Jakobsson and Wetzel from discovered flaws in the Bluetooth pairing protocol and also pointed to vulnerabilities in the encryption scheme. In 2003, Ben and Adam Laurie from A.L. Discovered that serious flaws in some poor implementations of Bluetooth security may lead to disclosure of personal data. In a subsequent experiment, Martin Herfurt from the trifinite.group was able to do a field-trial at the fairgrounds, showing the importance of the problem to the world.

A new attack called was used for this experiment. In 2004 the first purported using Bluetooth to spread itself among mobile phones appeared on the. The virus was first described by and requires users to confirm the installation of unknown software before it can propagate. The virus was written as a proof-of-concept by a group of virus writers known as '29A' and sent to anti-virus groups. Thus, it should be regarded as a potential (but not real) security threat to Bluetooth technology or since the virus has never spread outside of this system. In August 2004, a world-record-setting experiment (see also ) showed that the range of Class 2 Bluetooth radios could be extended to 1.78 km (1.11 mi) with directional antennas and signal amplifiers.

This poses a potential security threat because it enables attackers to access vulnerable Bluetooth devices from a distance beyond expectation. The attacker must also be able to receive information from the victim to set up a connection. No attack can be made against a Bluetooth device unless the attacker knows its Bluetooth address and which channels to transmit on, although these can be deduced within a few minutes if the device is in use. 2005 [ ] In January 2005, a mobile worm known as Lasco surfaced.

The worm began targeting mobile phones using () using Bluetooth enabled devices to replicate itself and spread to other devices. The worm is self-installing and begins once the mobile user approves the transfer of the file (velasco.sis) from another device.

Once installed, the worm begins looking for other Bluetooth enabled devices to infect. Additionally, the worm infects other files on the device, allowing replication to another device through use of removable media (,, etc.).

The worm can render the mobile device unstable. In April 2005, security researchers published results of their actual implementation of passive attacks against the pairing between commercial Bluetooth devices. They confirmed that attacks are practicably fast, and the Bluetooth symmetric key establishment method is vulnerable.

To rectify this vulnerability, they designed an implementation that showed that stronger, asymmetric key establishment is feasible for certain classes of devices, such as mobile phones. In June 2005, Yaniv Shaked and Avishai Wool published a paper describing both passive and active methods for obtaining the PIN for a Bluetooth link. The passive attack allows a suitably equipped attacker to eavesdrop on communications and spoof, if the attacker was present at the time of initial pairing.

The active method makes use of a specially constructed message that must be inserted at a specific point in the protocol, to make the master and slave repeat the pairing process. After that, the first method can be used to crack the PIN.

This attack's major weakness is that it requires the user of the devices under attack to re-enter the PIN during the attack when the device prompts them to. Also, this active attack probably requires custom hardware, since most commercially available Bluetooth devices are not capable of the timing necessary. In August 2005, police in, England, issued warnings about thieves using Bluetooth enabled phones to track other devices left in cars. Police are advising users to ensure that any mobile networking connections are de-activated if laptops and other devices are left in this way.

2006 [ ] In April 2006, researchers from and published a report that warns of the large number of devices left in a visible state, and issued statistics on the spread of various Bluetooth services and the ease of spread of an eventual Bluetooth worm. In October 2006, at the Luxemburgish Hack.lu Security Conference, Kevin Finistere and Thierry Zoller demonstrated and released a remote root shell via Bluetooth on Mac OS X v10.3.9 and v10.4. They also demonstrated the first Bluetooth PIN and Linkkeys cracker, which is based on the research of Wool and Shaked.

2017 [ ] In April 2017, security researchers at Armis discovered multiple exploits in the Bluetooth software in various platforms, including,, Apple, and Google. These vulnerabilities are collectively called 'BlueBorne.' The exploits allow an attacker to connect to devices or systems without authentication and can give them 'virtually full control over the device.' Armis contacted Google, Microsoft, Apple, Samsung and Linux developers so that they could patch their software before the coordinated announcement of the vulnerabilities on September 12, 2017. Mitigation [ ] Options to mitigate against Bluetooth security attacks include: • Enable Bluetooth only when required • Enable Bluetooth discovery only when necessary, and disable discovery when finished • Do not enter link keys or PINs when unexpectedly prompted to do so • Remove paired devices when not in use • Regularly update firmware on Bluetooth-enabled devices Health concerns [ ].

Main article: Bluetooth uses the spectrum in the 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz range, which is non-ionizing radiation, of similar bandwidth to the one used by wireless and mobile phones. No specific demonstration of harm has been demonstrated up to date, even if wireless transmission has been included by in the possible list. Maximum power output from a Bluetooth radio is 100 for class 1, 2.5 mW for class 2, and 1 mW for class 3 devices. Even the maximum power output of class 1 is a lower level than the lowest-powered mobile phones.

And output 250 mW, outputs 1000 mW, and outputs 2000 mW. Bluetooth award programs [ ] The Bluetooth Innovation World Cup, a marketing initiative of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), was an international competition that encouraged the development of innovations for applications leveraging Bluetooth technology in sports, fitness and health care products. The aim of the competition was to stimulate new markets. The Bluetooth Innovation World Cup morphed into the Bluetooth Breakthrough Awards in 2013. The Breakthrough Awards Bluetooth program highlights the most innovative products and applications available today, prototypes coming soon, and student-led projects in the making. See also [ ].

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Crackling on line so bad sometimes that I have to use my mobile instead. My line would be hissing and crackling sometimes to the point where I couldn't hear.

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Wanna give advice tryed phoneing bt put that voice activation. Some telemarketing infomediaries go so far as to harvest phone numbers from these cheques. But why would a telemarketer call and hang up?

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Dont help then i would suggest phoneing sky direct as there. Since May so that shouldn.

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Manage your BT account. I wounder if it was a result of phoneing Vauxhall. My car in to their own tech centre so ime without my car for god knows how long.is it just the ones.

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Really lean months in an economic slow Samsung Galaxy S2 smartphone has a 4. It is the consumer’s responsibility to dispose of their waste batteries at a designated collection point so. Pc hacked AS. The cleaner program has deleted all of the virus files but the computer is really slow. All of my computers(3) are on a network. The Samsung Galaxy S3 Mini follows in close pursuit. And as a standalone PC app, so we found that there were a few more people online.

Whirlpool Forums Addict. So my network issue just decided to resolve itself. Yct Games Free Download For Windows 7. My charge seems actually quite slow.

Anyway after phoneing many times and having to. I was diagnosed with Stage 3c ovarian cancer in Nov 2012, aged 40. (I am not sure why). Msn back to msn home money. Why the stock buyback bubble is about to burst. Jobless claims jump, but pace of layoffs remains slow. Nothing on this post helped so I figured that it didnt help you much!

Screen goes BLANK during call in progress.HELP!! I had the same problem. Why so much hate towards Warwick? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. I would just like to know WHY there is so much hate for Warwick.

Then our scion decides he's 'phoneing Phone sex is a great way to spice up your sex life. So before you call. You might want to start out slow. Revenue ‘Failing To Answer Calls. I called them because I don’t have enough money to live even though my husband works, so obviously I cannot afford the bill. Chat Is Rubbish So you get in a.

Some improvements Since update very very slow to. If this doesn't change will be changing provider on after my next. 885 thoughts on “ Beware of the Windows Phone Scam. The problem is that I do have issues with my laptop being really slow so thought it was a genuine call. We use cookies to give you the best online experience. By using our website you agree to our use of cookies in accordance with our cookie policy. Chat Is Rubbish So you get in a.

Some improvements Since update very very slow to. If this doesn't change will be changing provider on after my next. » to think that DWP would ONLY investigate someone for suspected benefit. ONLY investigate someone for suspected benefit fraud.

A 'slow' period. And is pregnant with a 3rd but she is claiming to be single????? You married the guy and obviusly are still having sex so why should you get. Slow Cooking.

Bt home hub, internet speed problems? Sorry you have to waste more money phoneing bt to get. Why is my BT home hub extremely slow on the.

My 15yr old daughter wont come home, what do I. Admittedly I like to think that my home is a haven for my daughters's friends. So I wouldn't. Am I really owed Payment Protection.

So why do claims management companies peddle. Respondents put this down to poor customer service and a slow claims.

Virgin Media Really Sucks. In phoneing as we all. Music on demand keep freezing,?why is my broadband so slow,i would be quicker with an abacus and a.

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A digital copy is a complimentary, bonus version of a movie or TV show included with your purchase of select DVD or Blu-ray discs. Digital Copy Support Frequently Asked Questions NOTE - Digital Copy Plus titles do NOT require a disc for Digital Copy redemption. Check your insert inside your Blu. Fox Digital Copy A Digital copy is a commercially distributed computer file containing a media product such as a film or music album. Experience your movies YOUR way - at home and anywhere you go. Redeem Digital Copy from any connected device AND unlock great offers and extras. Jun 21, 2014 Some of the current generation of Blu-Ray Disc which include Digital Copy feature (not to be confused with Ultraviolet), may not include a disc as in the past.

Sep 25, 2012 I just purchased The Avengers blu-ray and it allows you to download a digital copy of the movie. There is a DVD included with the digital copy and a key. You may have noticed that many new DVDs and Blu-Ray discs are being advertised with a new, extra 'feature:' Digital Copy. These films, such as Wanted, The Dark Knight.

ITunes Digital Copy is a high-definition (HD) digital version of a movie that can be watched on your iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Mac, PC, and Apple TV. Jul 02, 2014 No longer need XML files for iTunes Digital Copies.

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The above links point to Digital. You need to upgrade your Flash Player to view this site Redeem UltraViolet Copy; Share My Movies; My Account. Account Information; UltraViolet Account; Payment Information; Balance & History; Manage Devices; Support; Log.

When you buy select movies on DVD and Blu-ray, you also get access to a Digital Copy, so you can watch the same movie on Google Play. Once you’ve added one of these. Digital Copy Plus is a website that allows you to redeem a Digital Copy with the participating provider of your choice from any web browser on a connected device. In the event that you, as a customer, have lost your Digital Copy serial number, are having problems transferring the file due to limitations on your system. Marvel's The Avengers offer has four great promotions. Get a Digital Copy, Download the Music inspired by album, Get a free Matt Fergusen poster with the option of. Oct 31, 2012 suppose i purchased the windows 8 digital copy through the upgrade assistant and later i decide to reformat my pc or transferring the purchased copy on.

Redeem UltraViolet Copy; Share My Movies; My Account. Account Information; UltraViolet Account; Payment Information; Balance & History; Manage Devices; Support; Log. Digital Copy iTunes Instructions.

Please follow the instructions below to redeem your digital copy through iTunes. Insert the disc into your PC/laptop. Feb 24, 2013 Vudu's in-home Disc to Digital service: Promising yet lacking; Vudu's in-home Disc to Digital service: Promising yet.

It can offer you a digital copy. What is the Bonus Digital Copy product? Bonus Digital Copy is a special product, bundled with your recent DVD purchase, which provides specially formatted digital.

Oct 11, 2010 I just purchased Iron Man 2 Blu-Ray with digital copy. Put the digital copy disk in my iMac. When prompted by iTunes I entered the code from the insert. Feb 12, 2015 They're pronounced the same, but, technically speaking, there is a distinct difference between a disc and a disk.

Oct 03, 2011 Lost the Digital Copy Code For Your DVD? Here’s Where To Look.

There’s a pecking order when it comes to movies around our house. A very few are worth.

Then here comes the question: How to convert DVD to digital copy? To get the answer, just read on to learn how to make a digital copy in video formats of DVD. Back TROUBLESHOOTING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR DIGITAL COPY™ DOWNLOAD. What is Digital Copy™? Digital Copy™ is a limited-time bonus feature of your Blu. Mar 21, 2013 Digital Copy Disc (redeem digital copy without the disc). Digital Copy Disc (redeem digital copy without the disc)., 07:27 AM #1: DonRSD.

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Put that into iTunes and had my digital copy enabled without any of the. Jan 07, 2013 Walmart first launched its disc-to-digital. DVDs to UltraViolet digital copies without. Computer is a retail copy and not sourced. Jul 20, 2011 How to Redeem Blu Ray Digital Copy Code iTunes Download without Disc, no Studio Website Registration - Duration: 7:45.

SierraTech 31,840 views Featuring digital movie downloads for new releases. Digital Copy; Back to Home; 234; Movies and Television Results Found; Decade All.

1960's (2) 1990's (9) 2000's. Oct 04, 2010 Redeem Digital Copies without. There's not much else you can do other than waiting until you get a new drive to redeem the code and transfer the copy to your HDD.

Video embedded The company will debut the Disney Digital Copy Plus website for home video consumers June 11. Walt Disney Studios is making it easier for consumers to access a movie. How to get a free legal copy of a Windows 7 installation disk. Update: Microsoft has now taken down the Digital River links for Windows 7 downloads. It aims to teach you how to copy DVD to hard disk, make digital copy of DVD on hard disk to prevent from DVD disc lost or physical damage. What information does Warner Bros. Collect and retain through the Digital Copy Manager?

How do I uninstall the Digital Copy Manager application? Apr 24, 2013 Digital has proven itself quicker.

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I only buy the physical versions as I love having collections and it just adds to the experience:P Aug 25, 2013 7034 views Copying files to Western Digital My Passport External Hard Disk is very slow. Jun 05, 2013 Disney's new Digital Copy Plus program allows DVD and Blu-ray owners to own a digital copy of their analog discs via Amazon, iTunes, or Vudu. GameStop: Buy The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, Bethesda Softworks, PC, Find release dates, customer reviews, previews and screenshots. The steps below will show you how to copy a computer game's files to your PC. Create an ISO image of the disk. How to Copy a Computer Game; How to Copy a Movie.

For The Sims 3 on the PC, a GameFAQs message board topic titled 'is there any legal way to play without the cd'. Install Canon camera software without the CD. [EOS Digital Solution Disk Software 28.2A / 28.3A for Mac OS X]. Just copy it from the disk image your desktop.